Disbiosis bacteriana y su efecto en enfermedades bucales: una revisión bibliográfica / Bacterial dysbiosis and its effect on oral diseases: a review bibliographic

Objetivo: actualizar la información sobre la disbiosis bacteriana oral y su efecto en enfermedades bucales. Material y métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica detallada, donde la búsqueda de artículos comenzó desde el 2014 con trabajos de investigación relacionados con el tema. Se aplicaron palabras clave para facilitar y delimitar el tema. En los resultados obtenidos se observa información específica de disbiosis bacteriana y los problemas y enfermedades que causan en la cavidad bucal. Conclusión: la cavidad oral es un ecosistema muy complejo e interactivo donde se desarrollan variedades de hábitats que establecen relaciones entre los microorganismos en los distintos medios bucales. Por lo general, el cuerpo humano vive en simbiosis con dichas bacterias, esta relación hospedador-huésped es producto de años de evolución y convivencia para poder tolerar a dichas especies y por medio de años de investigación, determinar a los agentes patógenos y a los simbióticos, lo que permitirá en un futuro tener enfoques terapéuticos y científicos, para así solucionar, mejorar y evitar problemas relacionados con la salud (AU)

Objective: this review aimed to update the information on oral bacterial dysbiosis and its effect on oral diseases. Material and methods: a detailed literature review was performed, where the search for articles began in 2014 with research papers related to the topic. Keywords were applied to facilitate and delimit the topic. The results obtained show specific information on bacterial dysbiosis and the problems and diseases they cause in the oral cavity. Conclusion: the oral cavity is a very complex and interactive ecosystem where a variety of habitats develop and establish relationships between microorganisms in different oral environments. Generally, the human body lives in symbiosis with these bacteria, this host-guest relationship is the product of years of evolution and coexistence to be able to tolerate these species and through years of research to determine the pathogens and symbiotics, which will allow in the future to have therapeutic and scientific approaches, to solve, improve and avoid health-related problems (AU)

Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Oral bacteria directly affect the disease status of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The dynamic oral microbiota cooperates with the host to reflect the information and status of immunity and metabolism through two-way communication along the oral cavity and the systemic organs. The oral cavity is one of the most important interaction windows between the human body and the environment. The microenvironment at different sites in the oral cavity has different microbial compositions and is regulated by complex signaling, hosts, and external environmental factors. These processes may affect or reflect human health because certain health states seem to be related to the composition of oral bacteria, and the destruction of the microbial community is related to systemic diseases. In this review, we discussed emerging and exciting evidence of complex and important connections between the oral microbes and multiple human systemic diseases, and the possible contribution of the oral microorganisms to systemic diseases. This review aims to enhance the interest to oral microbes on the whole human body, and also improve clinician's understanding of the role of oral microbes in systemic diseases. Microbial research in dentistry potentially enhances our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of oral diseases, and at the same time, continuous advances in this frontier field may lead to a tangible impact on human health.

La importancia de la homeostasis en la salud oral y sistémica / The importance of homeostasis in oral and systemic health

La homeostasis oral está regida por varias condiciones en la cavidad bucal, como la saliva, que está compuesta por diversas sustancias benéficas, y por la microbiota, que es un reservorio de microorganismos, y cuando estos se modifican se altera la homeostasis oral y se genera una disbiosis que puede conducir a enfermedades bucales como gingivitis, periodontitis y/o caries; también puede favorecer el desarrollo de enfermedades sistémicas ocasionadas por hongos, bacterias y virus como el SARS-CoV-2 (AU)

Oral homeostasis is governed by various conditions in the oral cavity such as saliva, which is composed of various beneficial substances, and by the microbiota, which is a reservoir of microorganisms, and when these are modified, homeostasis of the oral cavity is altered and dysbiosis is generated that They can lead to oral diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis and/or caries and can also favor the development of systematic diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses, like SARS-CoV-2 (AU)

Microbiología clínica: nuevos desafíos / Clinical microbiology: mew challenges

Si partimos de que la microbiología es una ciencia fundante, podemos estar de acuerdo también en la necesidad de la continua actualización de sus contenidos y su vinculación con la odontología. Nuevas técnicas de diagnóstico permiten, no solo poder identificar características especiales de cada microorganismo y su reubicación en la taxonomía general, sino también habilitan a reconocer a aquellos ­hasta el momento­ desconocidos en la cotidianeidad de la práctica profesional y que revisten importancia por sus afecciones sistémicas ya que pueden transformar, en algunos casos, a que el paciente sea considerado de riesgo. En este trabajo, se abordan tres ejemplares bacterianos seleccionados por su complejidad en la identificación y por la magnitud de las lesiones que producen. Granulicatella spp., Kingela kingae y Bilophila wadsworthia afectan no solo adultos sino también pacientes pediátricos, siendo afectados por patologías severas. Se describen cuadros clínicos que afectan tejido óseo, corazón, cerebro, hígado, bazo, riñón y las manifestaciones orales a las cuales pueden asociarse grupos microbianos que agravan el pronóstico. Aplicar la tecnología adecuadamente, no solo a procedimientos odontológicos, sino también para diagnóstico (PCR ­ MALDI ­ TOF) facilita la detección e identificación con mayor celeridad de estos agentes microbianos, evitando la rotación farmacológica, la resistencia microbiana y la automedicación (AU)

Considering microbiology as a key science in the approach of infectious processes, we understand the need for a continuous update of its contents and its link with dentistry. The incorporation of new technological approaches, such as molecular methods or mass spectrometry, allow us not only to identify special characteristics of the microorganism and its relocation in taxonomy, but also to know those microorganisms until now unknown in professional´s life everyday practice and that are important for their systemic implications, modifying in some cases, the risk assessment of the patient. Three bacterial specimens are developed in this work, due to their complexity in the identification and the magnitude of the lesions they produce, Granulicatella spp., Kingela kingae and Bilophila wadsworthia. These affects both adult and paediatric patients, describing several clinical conditions that affect bone tissue, heart, brain, liver, spleen, kidney and oral manifestations to which these microbial groups can be associated, aggravating the prognosis. Applying new technology, not only to dental procedures but also to diagnosis, facilitates the detection and identification with greater speed of these microbial agents, avoiding pharmacological rotation, microbial resistance and self-medication (AU)

Maxillary Osteomyelitis by Actinomyces in a Child / Osteomielitis Maxilar por Actinomyces en un Niño

ABSTRACT: Actinomycosis is a bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species, which usually affect the soft tissues of the cervicofacial region of adult males. Clinically, it's characterized by a slow-growing indurated mass, especially in the submandibular area. However, in a few cases, the jaws bones can be affected developing osteomyelitis characteristics. The aim of this paper is to report a rare clinical case of Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis affecting the maxilla of a child, involving the maxillary sinus, orbital and zygomatic areas that was treated by the association of antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement. The patient's 2 years follow-up was uneventful and no signs of the lesion recurrence.

RESUMEN: La actinomicosis es una infección bacteriana causada por la especie Actinomyces, que generalmente afecta los tejidos blandos de la región cervicofacial de los hombres adultos. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por una masa endurecida de crecimiento lento, especialmente en la zona submandibular. Sin embargo, en algunos casos, los huesos de las mandíbulas pueden ser afectados desarrollando características de osteomielitis. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar un caso clínico poco frecuente de osteomielitis actinomicótica que afecta el maxilar de un niño, envolviendo el área del seno maxilar, y zonas orbitales y cigomáticas que fueron tratadas con la asociación de terapia con antibióticos y desbridamiento quirúrgico. El seguimiento del paciente por 2 años ocurrió sin incidentes y sin signos de recidiva de las lesiones.

Oral infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patient with chronic kidney disease - a case report / Infecção oral por Pseudomonas aeruginosa em paciente com doença renal crônica - um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Chronic renal patients are more susceptible to hospital complications and infections such as urinary tract infections, peritonitis, surgery infections, and bacteremia, which are often caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A case of a HIV-positive girl with chronic kidney disease and with serious oral lesions due to P. aeruginosa septic shock is presented. The patient showed necrotic lesions in the oral mucosa, pathological tooth mobility, bone loss, and hematogenous osteomyelitis in the maxilla. The patient was submitted to systemic antibiotic therapy based on screening culture and treatment of bone lesions by eliminating the causal agent and restoring health conditions. This case report is extremely important for health professionals, since the oral cavity can be affected by this pathogen or serve as a colonization site.

RESUMO Pacientes renais crônicos são mais suscetíveis a complicações e infecções hospitalares, tais como infecções do trato urinário, peritonite, infecções cirúrgicas e bacteremia, muitas vezes causadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa. O presente relato apresenta o caso de uma menina HIV-positiva com doença renal crônica e lesões orais graves devido a choque séptico por P. aeruginosa. A paciente apresentava lesões necróticas na mucosa oral, mobilidade dentária patológica, perda óssea e osteomielite hematogênica maxilar. A paciente foi submetida a antibioticoterapia sistêmica com base na cultura de triagem e tratamento das lesões ósseas por meio da eliminação do agente causal e restauração das condições de saúde. Este relato de caso é extremamente importante para os profissionais da saúde, uma vez que a cavidade oral pode ser afetada por este patógeno ou servir como local de colonização.

Sífilis: aspectos clínicos, transmissão, manifestações orais, diagnóstico e tratamento / Syphilis: clinical aspects, transmission, oral manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

A sífilis é uma doença que pode ser transmitida de diversas maneiras, mas as mais frequentes são por contato sexual desprotegido ou verticalmente pela mãe contaminada para o seu feto. Todas as suas fases podem apresentar manifestações orais, sendo uma doença de grande importância para o cirurgião-dentista, visto que essas manifestações são de atribuição diagnóstica e podem ser confundidas com outras enfermidades. Quanto mais rápido o diagnóstico, seja pelo cirurgião-dentista ou pelo médico, melhor é o prognóstico do paciente. As alterações mais frequentemente observadas em boca são o cancro duro, as placas mucosas e as gomas, além dos incisivos de Hutchinson e molares em amora no caso de sífilis congênita. O melhor fármaco disponível hoje para o tratamento da sífilis é a penicilina benzatina, sendo as suas doses e intervalos definidos pela fase em que se encontra o paciente. A prevenção da doença e o controle do paciente devem ser feitos com aconselhamento sobre práticas sexuais seguras, e o profissional de saúde que for examiná-lo deve estar atento às normas de biossegurança, pois as lesões das primeiras fases são altamente contagiosas. Uma atenção especial tem que ser dada às gestantes, visto que pode ocorrer a transmissão vertical da doença, a é totalmente passível de tratamento. A sífilis é uma doença curável, e por isso, é dever dos profissionais de saúde conhecerem suas manifestações, como fazer seu diagnóstico e como deve ser o tratamento adequado.(AU)

Syphilis is a disease that can be transmitted in several ways, but the most common are by unprotected sex or vertical transmission from infected mother to her fetus. All the disease stages present oral manifestations, which characterizes it as being of a great relevance to a dentist, since the disease are manifested in oral cavity the dentist is able to give an early diagnosis, but it can be confused with other illnesses. The quicker the diagnosis made either by a dentist or a physician, the better the prognosis. The most frequently observed oral alterations are: chancre, mucous plaques, and gummas; in congenital syphilis cases Hutchinson and Mulberry's molar have been reported as signs of this disease. Benzathine penicillin is the best available drug for syphilis' treatment nowadays, and the drug posology is defined by the patient's disease stage of evolution. The prevention and control of the disease are made through counseling regard safe sex habits and the professional treating an infected patient should be aware of biosecurity protocols, especially if this patient is on the first stages of the disease, which are the most contagious. Furthermore, special attention should to be given to pregnant women due to the fact of vertical transmission of the disease to the fetus, although the disease's transmission can be treated in this case. Therefore, syphilis is a curable disease, and health professionals's responsibility to know the disease's manifestations, how to make its diagnosis, and how the treatment should be approached.(AU)

Effects of Special Mouth Care with an Aroma Solution on Oral Status and Oral Cavity Microorganism Growth in Elderly Stroke Patients

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effect of oral care with an aroma solution on oral status and oral cavity microorganism growth in elderly patients with stroke. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group, with a pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The participants were assigned to the experimental group (n=30) that received oral care with an aroma solution or the control group (n=31) that received 0.9% saline solution. To identify the effect of the experimental treatments, objective/subjective assessments of oral status and oral cavity microorganism growth were performed using the oral assessment guide, oral perception guide, and oral swab culture. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test with the SPSS version 21.0 program. RESULTS: The objective oral status was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (t= -3.64, p<.001). There was no significant difference between the subjective oral status of the experimental group and control groups (t= -1.24, p=.109). Oral microorganism growth was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (t= -7.39, p<.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that special mouth care using an aroma solution could be an effective oral health nursing intervention for elderly patients with stroke.

A retrospective study of oral manifestations in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis

South American blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis (Pb mycosis) or Lutz disease is an endemically fungal infection in Latin America. It is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and may cause oral mucosal lesions. The incidence of Pb mycosis oral lesions was evaluated in patients assisted at a Brazilian Dental School's Specialized Oral Diagnosis Service with special focus on the different clinical forms of these lesions, its location, patients' occupation, deleterious habits, and diagnosis methodology. Students' and professionals' initial diagnoses were compared with the definitive diagnosis. Lesions were detected 31 cases (18 patients). The results show that 88.8% of the patients were male with a mean age of 50 years and 39% work(ed) with activities related to agriculture. As much as 88.9% were smokers and 72.2% were alcohol users. Exfoliative cytology was performed in 66.6% of the patients. Oral mucosa (30%), gingiva (16.6%) and lips 16.6% were the most common sites of Pb mycosis oral lesions. Comparing the initial with the definitive diagnosis made by the professionals their accuracy was 33% (6 out of 18 patients). Students' diagnosis was more accurate demonstrating 72.5% of initial correct diagnosis (13 out of 18). Statistical analysis by ANOVA (α=0.05, SPSS WIN) demonstrated a significant difference between the diagnosis of Pb mycosis made by students and professionals when considering initial diagnosis and final diagnosis (after histopathological analysis) (p=0.25). Incisional biopsy and exfoliate cytology are efficient for an early diagnosis of this disease in mouth. Students' training in diagnosis of oral pathologies to recognize lesions is urgent to improve public health.

A blastomicose sul americana, paracoccidiodomicose (Pb micose) ou doença de Lutz é uma infecção fúngica endêmica na América Latina. É causada pelo fungo dimórfico Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis, e pode causar lesões na mucosa oral. Nós avaliamos a incidência de lesões orais de Pb micose nos pacientes atendidos em um Centro Especializado em Diagnóstico Oral com foco principal nas diferentes formas clinicas das lesões, suas localidades, ocupação dos pacientes, hábitos deletérios e diagnóstico e metodologia, e foram detectados 31 casos (18 pacientes). Os resultados mostraram que 88,8% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino com idade média de 50 anos de idade, e 39% trabalham, ou trabalhavam, com atividades relacionadas à agricultura. Observou-se que 88,9% eram fumantes e 72,2% ingeriam álcool. Citologia esfoliativa foi feita em 66,6%. Mucosa jugal foi acometida em 30%, gengiva, e lábios 16% (cada um) foram os locais mais comuns de lesões orais da Pb micose. Comparando o diagnóstico inicial com o definitivo feito pelos profissionais, a acurácia foi de 33%; o diagnóstico dos estudantes foi mais preciso demonstrando 72,5% do diagnóstico inicial correto com diferença estatística significante (p=0,25) através do teste ANOVA do SPSS WIN com nível de significância de 5%. Biópsia incisonal e citologia esfoliativa são eficientes para um diagnóstico precoce desta doença na boca; o treinamento dos estudantes em diagnóstico para reconhecer as patologias orais é urgente para melhorar a saúde pública.

Especies de Candida en pacientes VIH/SIDA con candidiasis orofaringea / Candida species in HIV/AIDS patients with oropharygeal candidiasis

La infección por Candida a nivel orofaríngeo, es la infección oportunista más frecuente en pacientes VIH/SIDA,al menos un episodio de candidiasis desarrollan estos pacientes en el curso de la evolución de su enfermedad. La determinación de especies de Candida, permite orientar de manera adecuada el tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar las especies de Candida aisladas en 60 pacientes VIH/SIDA con candidiasis orofaríngea, asistentes al Centro de Atención Integral - Enfermedades de Transmisión sexual y SIDA. (CAI/ETS/SIDA) en el período Junio-Diciembre 2006. Se les tomó muestra de raspado lingual y se cultivó en Agar Sabouraud-Cloranfenicol para el aislamiento primario. La identificación de las especies de Candida, se realizó por medio de la producción de: tubos germinativos, clamidosporas en Agar - Maiz Tween 80 según la técnica de Dalmau y el sistema Api 20CAUX bioMérieux. Se observó en estos pacientes predominio del sexo masculino (48) 80%, con edades comprendidas entre 20 y 60 años Se aislaron en orden de frecuencia C. albicans 66,6 % (40), C. tropicalis 13,33 % (8), C. glabrata 11,6 % (7), C. parapsilosis 6,66 % (4), C. krusei, 66% (1). Se recomienda la identificación de especies de Candida como prueba de rutina en pacientes VIH/SIDA

Oral candidiasis has been recognized as the most common opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients. These patients present at least one episode of oral candidiasis in the development of the disease. The isolation of Candida species has let to apply the correct treatment to these patients. The purpose of the investigation was to identify the species of isolated Candida in 60 HIV/AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis that assist to the Center of Integral Attention of Sexual Transmission Diseases and AIDS from June to December 2006. The samples were taken from the mucosal surface of the tongue and laid in Sabouraud-Cloramphenicol agar for the first isolation; the identification of Candida species were done by forming germ tubes, Terminal Chlamydospore formation on corn meal agar with Tween-80 following the Dalmau technique and the Api 20CAUX bioMerieux. Most of the patients were males (48) 80% and age ranging 20 to 60 years old. The most frequent yeast specie found was : C, albicans 66,6 % (40) , C. tropicalis 13,33 % (8) , C. glabrata 11,6 % (7) ,C. parapsilosis 6,66 % (4) , C. krusei 1,66% (1). It is recommended the isolation of the species as a rutin test in the HIV/AIDS patients

Uveitis manifestaciones secundaria de infección en cavidad bucal: reporte de caso clínico / Uveitis: as a symthom of oral infection: report a case

La uveítis es una patología ocular que se define como la inflamación del tracto uveal del ojo, que pudiera estar asociada a la inflamación de otras estructuras oculares o adyacentes a la cavidad orbitaria, por la proximidad que hay entre los tejidos. En el campo odontológico la uveitis se manifiesta de manera secundaria ante infecciones focales, las cuales se caracterizan por presentar un foco séptico primario, en donde la infección se propaga a otras estructuras del macizo facial. Entre las lesiones que generan un foco infeccioso primario en cavidad bucal, se describen: quiste periapical, granuloma periapical, afecciones pulpares, pericoronaritis y enfermedad periodontal, siendo esta última motivo del caso clínico que se presenta a continuación

Uveitis is an eye condition that is defined as inflammation of the uveal tractor and may be associated with inflammation of other ocular structures or adjacent to the orbital cavity, and the proximity between the tissues. In the dental field uveitis manifests itself secondary to focal infections, which are characterized by a primary septic focus, where the infection spreads to other craniofacial structures. Among lesions that produce a primary infection in oral cavity, are described: periapical cyst, periapical granuloma, pulpal disease, and periodontal disease pericoronaritis, the latter being the occasion of the clinical case is presented below

Oral cavity eumycetoma / Eumicetoma da cavidade bucal

Mycetoma is a pathological process in which eumycotic (fungal) or actinomycotic causative agents from exogenous source produce grains. It is a localized chronic and deforming infectious disease of subcutaneous tissue, skin and bones. We report the first case of eumycetoma of the oral cavity in world literature. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old male patient, complaining of swelling and fistula in the hard palate. On examination, swelling of the anterior and middle hard palate, with fistula draining a dark liquid was observed. The panoramic radiograph showed extensive radiolucent area involving the region of teeth 21-26 and the computerized tomography showed communication with the nasal cavity, suggesting the diagnosis of periapical cyst. Surgery was performed to remove the lesion. Histopathological examination revealed purulent material with characteristic grain. Gram staining for bacteria was negative and Grocott-Gomori staining for the detection of fungi was positive, concluding the diagnosis of eumycetoma. The patient was treated with ketoconazole for nine months, and was considered cured at the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: Histopathological examination, using histochemical staining, and direct microscopic grains examination can provide the distinction between eumycetoma and actinomycetoma accurately.

Micetoma é um processo patológico no qual agentes eumicóticos (fungos) ou actinomicóticos de origem exógena podem causar formação de grãos. É uma doença infecciosa localizada, crônica e deformante do tecido subcutâneo, pele e ossos. Relatamos o primeiro caso de eumicetoma da cavidade bucal da literatura mundial. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente masculino, de 43 anos, com queixa de edema e fístula no palato duro. Ao exame clínico, observava-se edema da região anterior e média de palato duro, com fístula drenando líquido escuro. A radiografia panorâmica mostrou área radiolúcida extensa, envolvendo a região dos dentes 21 ao 26 e a Tomografia computadorizada evidenciou comunicação com a cavidade nasal, sugerindo o diagnóstico de cisto periapical. Foi realizada cirurgia para remoção da lesão. O exame histopatológico revelou material purulento com grãos característicos. A coloração de Gram para pesquisa de bactérias foi negativa e a coloração de Gomori-Grocott para pesquisa de fungos foi positiva, concluindo o diagnóstico de eumicetoma. O paciente foi tratado com Cetoconazol durante nove meses, obtendo cura ao final do tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: O exame histopatológico, usando colorações histoquímicas, e o exame dos grãos por microscopia direta podem proporcionar adequada distinção entre eumicetoma e actinomicetoma.

Sequence of oral manifestations in rhino-maxillary mucormycosis.

Mucormycosis, caused by saprophytic fungi of the order Mucorales of the class Zygomycetes, is a rare opportunistic fungal infection, which has a rapidly progressive and fulminant course with fatal outcome. These fungi are ubiquitous, found in soil, bread molds, decaying fruits and vegetables. The most common form of mucormycosis is rhinocerebral and is usually seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or in immunocompromised patients. This fungus invades the arteries, leading to thrombosis that subsequently causes necrosis of hard and soft tissues. We report a case of palatal perforation by rhino-maxillary mucormycosis in an immunocompromised patient. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the clinical presentation and pathogenesis of mucormycosis and to emphasize the need for high degree of suspicion in its diagnosis and management.

Emprego do óleo de Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Myrtaceae) na odontologia: perspectivas quanto à utilização como antimicrobiano alternativo às doenças infecciosas de origem bucal / Use of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Myrtaceae) oil in dentistry: perspectives on its use as alternative antimicrobial to infectious diseases of oral origin

O interesse por medicamentos alternativos, principalmente daqueles provenientes de extratos naturais, tem aumentado nas últimas décadas. A Melaleuca alternifolia é um arbusto pertencente ao gênero Melaleuca, popularmente conhecida como "árvore de chá", cujo principal produto é o óleo essencial (TTO - tea tree oil), de grande importância medicinal por possuir comprovada ação bactericida e antifúngica contra diversos patógenos humanos. Em virtude da atividade terapêutica em diversas especialidades médicas, o TTO passou a ser empregado na área odontológica. Esta revisão de literatura foi realizada com o objetivo de discutir os ensaios já realizados com o TTO contra microrganismos relacionados à doença cárie, doença periodontal e problemas pulpares. O óleo de Melaleuca tem demonstrado boa ação antibacteriana in vitro contra microrganismos bucais, porém, pesquisas envolvendo o estudo do mecanismo de ação sobre as células microbianas ou estudos in vivo ainda são escassos e precisam ser realizados, já que esse produto pode ser útil na odontologia, seja na manutenção química da higiene ou prevenção de doenças bucais.

The interest in alternative medicines, especially those from natural extracts, has increased in recent decades. Melaleuca alternifolia is a shrub belonging to the genus Melaleuca, popularly known as "tea tree", the main product of which is its essential oil (TTO - tea tree oil), of great medicinal importance for its proven bactericidal and antifungal activity against several human pathogens. By virtue of its therapeutic activity in various medical specialties, TTO is now used in dentistry. This literature review was conducted in order to discuss the tests already carried out with TTO against microorganisms related to dental caries, periodontal disease and pulpal problems. Melaleuca oil has shown good in vitro antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms; however, research involving the study of its mechanism of action on the microbial cells or in vivo studies are still scarce and need to be done since this product may be useful in dentistry, either in the chemical maintenance of hygiene or in the prevention of oral diseases.

Detección de microbacterias del complejo tuberculosis en tejido periodontal: aplicado biología molecular / Detection of mycobacteria tuberculosis complex in periodontal tissue: molecular biology applied

El objetivo de esta investigación fue la detección molecular de micobacterias del complejo tuberculosis en el tejido periodontal afectado de un grupo de pacientes VIH+ y VIH- con tuberculosis pulmonar. Se incluyeron 20 pacientes, 10 VIH+ y 10 VIH- con diagnóstico microbiológico convencional de tuberculosis, provenientes de la consulta de Tisiología, y de Sala de VIH, del Hospital Simón Bolívar, Caracas. De cada uno de los pacientes fue obtenido el consentimiento informado previo al inicio de la investigación, se le realizó una minuciosa historia clínica y un examen clínico bucal, con el fin de establecer la condición periodontal de cada uno de los sujetos participantes en este estudio. Se tomaron muestras de tejido periodontal afectado de cada uno de los pacientes con indicación de cirugía periodontal. Resultados: 50% (10/20) de los pacientes con TBC VIH- presentaron gingivitis crónica localizada y el 30% (3/20) de los pacientes con TBC VIH+ presentaron gingivitis crónica generalizada. El grupo restante mostró gingivitis localizada y cuadros sugerentes de periodontitis. Por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en 60% (12/20) de las muestras de tejido periodontal se detectó la secuencia IS6110, que está presente en micobacterias del complejo tuberculosis. La amplificación de blancos moleculares es una metodología sensible para la detección de este grupo de microorganismos en enfermedad periodontal y pudiera ser utilizada en el diagnóstico diferencial de lesión de la cavidad bucal

A semi-nested PCR assay for molecular detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in tissue samples / Semi-nested PCR para a detecção molecular de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis em amostras de tecido

INTRODUCTION: Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. METHODS: In this study, a semi-nested PCR for paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosis was developed. The primers ITS1 and ITS4 were used in the first reaction, while the primers MJ03 and ITS1 primer were used in the second reaction. The semi-nested PCR was used to investigate biopsies of five patients with oral lesions that resembled paracoccidioidomycosis. RESULTS: The semi-nested PCR was positive for four samples and negative for a sample from a patient later diagnosed with leishmaniasis. CONCLUSIONS: The new semi-nested PCR describe is useful for paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosis.

INTRODUÇÃO: A paracoccidioidomicose é uma infecção sistêmica causada pelo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, uma semi-nested PCR foi desenvolvida para o diagnóstico da paracoccidioidomicose. Os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores ITS1 e ITS4 foram usados na primeira reação, enquanto os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores MJ03 e ITS1 foram usados na segunda reação. A semi-nested PCR foi usada para investigar biopsias de cinco pacientes com lesões orais que se assemelhavam a paracoccidioidomicose. RESULTADOS: A semi-nested PCR foi positiva para quatro amostras e negativa para a amostra de um paciente, posteriormente diagnosticado com leishmaniose. CONCLUSÕES: A semi-nested PCR descrita aqui é útil para o diagnóstico da paracoccidioidomicose.